Concept of organization. Organizational goals – concept, purposes, and types. Features of effective organizational goals. Goal formulation – processes and approaches. Goal succession and displacement. Problems of goal formulation. Changing perspectives of organization.

Definition, characteristics, and principles of management. Process and functions of management. Managerial hierarchy. Types of managers. Managerial skills and roles. Emerging challenges for management.

Introduction, contribution and limitation of Classical theory, Human relations and Behavioural science theories, System theory, Decision theory, Management science theory, and Contingency theory. Emerging management concepts: workforce diversity, outsourcing, knowledge management, learning organization

Concept of business environment. Types of business environment – internal and external. Basic components of economic, socio – cultural, political, and technological environments. Social responsibility of business – concept and approaches. Areas of social responsibility. Business ethics – meaning and significance. Emerging business environment in Nepal

Concept, types, hierarchy of planning. Process and importance of planning. Strategic planning. Environmental scanning – concept and methods. SWOT analysis. Formulation and implementation of strategic plans. Quantitative tools for planning. Decision making – definition and approaches. Types of decisions. Decision making under conditions of certainty and uncertainty. Problem solving – concepts, types of problem. Problem solving strategies.

Concept and principles of organizing. Approaches to organizing – classical, behavioural, and contingency. Process of structuring an organization. Departmentalization – meaning and types. Delegation of authority – meaning, features, advantages, and barriers. Centralization and decentralization – meaning, advantages and disadvantages. Concept of organic and mechanistic views of organization. Types of modern organizational structures – matrix, team, and network

Concept and functions of leadership. Leadership styles. Approaches to leadership – trait, behavioral, and situational. Group formation. Types and characteristics of groups. Conflict – meaning and types. Managing conflicts in organization

Concept. Theories of motivation – Need Hierarchy, and Motivation-Hygiene. Reward system to motivate performance. Motivation through employee participation – quality of work life, and self- managed teams

Concept, structure, and process. Types of communication – formal and informal. Interpersonal and nonverbal communication. Barriers to effective communication. Enhancing effective communication

Concept, process, and types of control systems. Characteristics of effective control system. Quality control systems – concept of quality. Total Quality Management (TQM) – concept and tools. Deming management – principles and techniques.

Concept of globalization. Methods of globalization. Effects of globalization. Multinational companies – meaning, types, advantages, and disadvantages

Growth of business sector in Nepal. Major industries in Nepal – manufacturing, export – oriented, import-substitution, and service sector. Existing management practices and business culture. Major problems of businesses in Nepal