Concept and growth of international marketing. International marketing tasks. Stages of international marketing involvement. Strategic orientations in international marketing. The dynamism in international trade – trade barriers, balance of payments, protectionism, tariffs, quotas, and embargoes. Movements against trade restrictions – GATT and WTO. Regional trading blocks

Cultural environment: Concept and origins of culture. Elements of culture. Cultural barriers in international trade. Importance of international cultural knowledge and cultural change in marketing. Political environment: Sovereignty of nations. Political risks of international business. Political vulnerability assessment and risk minimization strategies. Legal environment: Bases of legal systems. Jurisdictions in international legal disputes and dispute resolution methods.

Concept and Scope of international marketing research. Process of research – problem identification and research objectives. Concept and components of marketing information system, sources of global marketing information.

Product development for international markets – quality, green marketing, and adaptation issues. Marketing opportunities in services. Challenges of managing brands globally. International marketing channels – distribution patterns in international markets. Marketing intermediaries and choice factors. Communications – Integrated marketing communications in international marketing. International advertising goals and strategy. International pricing – approaches to international pricing, price escalation and its effects. Transfer pricing strategy.

Structural dynamism in Nepal’s foreign trade. Import and export sources. Import and export procedures and documentations. Institutional mechanism for international trade – Public, private, and non-governmental agencies for trade and export promotions. Key problems in Nepal’s international trade. SAPTA and SAFTA.